A review of the management of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Chaker Bennour; Ali Ben Belgacem; Hmed Ben Nasr

doi:10.56027/JOASD.052021

Authors

Chaker Bennour
Ali Ben Belgacem
Hmed Ben Nasr

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56027/JOASD.052021

Keywords:

Aphis fabae, chemical insecticides, biological control, natural enemies, plant extracts

Abstract

The black-bean aphid Aphis fabae Scopoli is a serious agricultural threat spreaded almost worldwide. It threatens more than 200 host plant species and causes several damages through sucking sap, injuring leaves, the excretion of honeydew -inducing the development of sooty mould- and the transmission of plant viruses. Chemical aphicides are the most approach used to control A. fabae. Nevertheless, their extensive use has led to serious problems concerning human health and environment. These drawbacks led to apply eco-friendly strategies based on entomopahtogenic fungi, natural enemies and plants to manage the pest. In this paper, we review the biological control of A. fabae with special reference to management using plant extracts. Many plants belonging to several families are opted to control A. fabae. Several parts of these plants in particular leaves, stems and peels are used to eradicate it. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts are the most used forms. The mode of action of the major compounds of botanicals is through stomach or/and nerve poisoning.

References

Abd-Rabou, S., Ghahari, H., Myartseva, S. N., & Ruíz-Cancino, E. (2013). Iranian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 1(4), 116-140

Acheuk, F., Lakhdari, W., Abdellaoui, K., Belaid, M., Allouane, R., & Halouane, F. (2017). Phytochemical study and bioinsecticidal effect of the crude ethonolic extract of the Algerian plant Artemisia judaica L.(Asteraceae) against the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. Poljoprivreda i Sumarstvo, 63(1), 95.

Adabi, S. T., Talebi, A. A., Fathipour, Y., & Zamani, A. A. (2010). Life history and demographic parameters of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its parasitoid, Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) on four sugar beet cultivars. Acta entomologica serbica, 15(1), 61-73.

Agrafioti, P., Faliagka, S., Lampiri, E., Orth, M., Pätzel, M., Katsoulas, N., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2020). Evaluation of Silica-Coated Insect Proof Nets for the Control of Aphis fabae, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium confusum. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1658.

Akca, I., Ayvaz, T., Yazici, E., Smith, C. L., & Chi, H. (2015). Demography and population projection of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae): with additional comments on life table research criteria. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(4), 1466-1478.

Akello, J., & Sikora, R. (2012). Systemic acropedal influence of endophyte seed treatment on Acyrthosiphon pisum and Aphis fabae offspring development and reproductive fitness. Biological control, 61(3), 215-221.

Alaserhat, İ., Canbay, A., & Özdemir, İ. (2021). Aphid Species, Their Natural Enemies in Vegetables from Erzincan, Turkey: First Record of the Parasitoid Wasp Aphelinus mali (Haldeman) parasitizing Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach). Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(1), 16-25.

Al-Jassani, A. A., AL-Hussainawy, K. J., Mohammed, Z. J., & AbdulAali, R. M. (2020). Efficacy of Some Insecticides and Plant Extract against Black Bean Aphid, and Green Peach Aphid, Aphis fabae Myzus persicae (Aphididae: Hemiptera).

Amin, H. M., & Majeed, A. J. (2018). Effect of growing seasons, plant extracts with various rates on Black Bean Aphid, Aphis fabae (Aphididae: Homoptera). Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research, 3(1), 22-26.

Ayala, J., Perez de San Roman, C., Ortiz, A., & Juanche, J. (1996). Chemical control of Myzus persicae (Sulz) and Aphis fabae (Scop) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on sugar beet with aphicides applied at sowing and as foliar sprays. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas, 22(4), 731-740.

Azimi, S. O. L. M. A. Z., & Amini, R. (2015). Population density of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera, Aphididae) and its natural enemies in intercropping of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 6(3), 380-388.

Behrendt, K. (1968). Das Abwandern parasitierter Aphiden von ihren Wirtspflanzen und eine Methode zu ihrer Erfassung. - Beiträge Zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 18(3-4): 293-298

Béji, B., Bouktila, D., Mezghani-Khemakhem, M., Bouhachem-Boukhris, S., Makni, M., & Makni, H. (2013). Genetic structure of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Tunisia, inferred from RAPD markers. Romanian Agricultural Research, 30, 307-315.

Benhamacha, M., Marniche, F., Chemala, A., & Ghezali, D. (2020). First report of the parasitoid Aphelinus chaonia Walker, 1839 (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Algeria and its host aphid Takecallis arundicolens Clarke, 1903 in Africa. EPPO Bulletin, 50(3), 561-563.

Blackman, R. L., & Eastop, V. F. (2007). Taxonomic issues. Aphids as crop pests, 1, 1-29.

Boni, S. B., Mwashimaha, R. A., Mlowe, N., Sotelo-Cardona, P., & Nordey, T. (2020). Efficacy of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi against the black aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli under controlled conditions in Tanzania. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-9.

Calin, M., Oana, C. T., Ambăruş, S., Brezeanu, C., Brezeanu, P. M., Iosob, G. A., Muscalu P.S., Clara, M., Bute, A., & Prisecaru, M. (2020). Biologie, 29(2), 70-74.

Capinera, J. L. (1981). Some effects of infestation by bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli, on carbohydrate and protein levels in sugarbeet plants, and procedures for estimating economic injury levels. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 92(1‐5), 374-384.

Capinera, J. L. (2001). Order Homoptera–aphids, leaf-and planthoppers, psyllids and whiteflies. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego et al, 279-282.

Chaieb, I., Zarrad, K., Sellam, R., Tayeb, W., Hammouda, A. B., Laarif, A., & Bouhachem, S. (2018). Chemical composition and aphicidal potential of Citrus aurantium peel essential oils. Entomol Gen, 37, 63-75.

Cheng, R. X., Meng, L., Mills, N. J., & Li, B. (2011). Host preference between symbiotic and aposymbiotic Aphis fabae, by the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus ambiguus. Journal of Insect Science, 11(1), 81.

Cichocka, E., Leszczynski, B., Ciepiela, A. P., & Goszczynski, W. (2002). Response of Aphis fabae Scop. to different broad bean cultivars. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 5(2), 01.

Dedryver, C. A., Le Ralec, A., & Fabre, F. (2010). The conflicting relationships between aphids and men: a review of aphid damage and control strategies. Comptes rendus biologies, 333(6-7), 539-553.

Dewar, A. M., Denholm, I., van Emden, H. F., & Harrington, R. (2017). Chemical control. Aphids as crop pests’. (Eds HF van Emden, R Harrington) pp, 398-425.

Dimetry, N. Z., & Schmidt, G. H. (1992). Efficacy of Neem-Azal S and Margosan-0 against the bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop. Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz, 65(4), 75-79.

Douglas, A. E. (1997). Provenance, experience and plant utilisation by the polyphagous aphid, Aphis fabae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 83(2), 161-170.

Faliagka, S., Agrafioti, P., Lampiri, E., Katsoulas, N., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2020). Assessment of different inert dust formulations for the control of Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium confusum and Aphis fabae. Crop Protection, 137, 105312.

Farhadi, R., Allahyari, H., & Chi, H. (2011). Life table and predation capacity of Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biological Control, 59(2), 83-89.

Fericean, L. M., Horablaga, N. M., Banatean-Dunea, I., Rada, O., & Ostan, M. (2012). The behaviour, life cycle and biometrical measurements of Aphis fabae. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 44(4).

Fryč, D & Rychlý, S. (2018). Mšice na kulturních plodinách: Zelenina. Opava.

Hansen, L. M., Lorentsen, L., & Boelt, B. (2008). How to reduce the incidence of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae Scop.) attacking organic growing field beans (Vicia faba L.) by growing partially resistant bean varieties and by intercropping field beans with cereals. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B–Soil and Plant Science, 58(4), 359-364.

Hassanpour, M., Maghami, R., Rafiee-Dastjerdi, H., Golizadeh, A., Yazdanian, M., & Enkegaard, A. (2015). Predation activity of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) upon Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae): effect of different hunger levels. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 18(2), 297-302.

Ioannidis, P. M. (2000). Resistance of Aphis fabae and Myzus persicae to insecticides in sugarbeet. In Comptes-Rendus des Congres de l'Institut International de Recherches Betteravieres (Belgium).

Jafari, R. E. Z. A., & Goldasteh, S. H. I. L. A. (2009). Functional response of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze)(Coleoptera: coccinellidae) on Aphis fabae (Scopoli)(Homoptera: aphididae) in laboratory conditions. Acta Entomol. Serbica, 14, 93-100.

Japoshvili, G., & Abrantes, I. (2006). Aphelinus species (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from the Iberian Peninsula, with the description of one new species from Portugal. Journal of Natural History, 40(13-14), 855-862.

Jensen, R. E., Enkegaard, A., & Steenberg, T. (2019). Increased fecundity of Aphis fabae on Vicia faba plants following seed or leaf inoculation with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. PloS one, 14(10), e0223616.

Johnson K. D., O’Neal M. E., Ragsdale D. W., DiFonzo C. D., Swinton S. M., Dixon P. M., Potter B. D., Hodgson E. W., Costamagna A. C. 2009. Probability of cost-effective management of soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in North America. Journal of Economic Entomology, 102 (6): 2101–2108.

Kayange, C. D., Njera, D., Nyirenda, S. P., & Mwamlima, L. (2019). Effectiveness of Tephrosia vogelii and Tephrosia candida extracts against common bean aphid (Aphis fabae) in Malawi. Advances in Agriculture, 2019.

Keshavarz, M., Seiedy, M., & Allahyari, H. (2015). Preference of two populations of Propylea quatuordecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) for Aphis fabae and Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae). European Journal of Entomology, 112(3), 560.

Khan, I. A., Naeem, M., Hassan, S. A., Bilal, H., Mohsin, A. U., & Bodlah, I. (2012). Trophic relationships between aphids and their primary parasitoids. Journal of insect science, 12(1).

Kunert, G., Schmoock-Ortlepp, K., Reissmann, U., Creutzburg, S., & Weisser, W. W. (2008). The influence of natural enemies on wing induction in Aphis fabae and Megoura viciae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 98(1), 59-62.

Labdaoui, Z. E., Guenaoui, Y., Selfa, J., Ferrer-Suay, M., & i Villar, J. P. (2018). First record and new hosts relationships of Alloxysta brevis (Thomson, 1862)(Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae: Charipinae) from Algeria. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, 63-66.

Lack, D., & Owen, D. F. (1955). The food of the swift. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 120-136.

Mahmoudi, M., Sahragard, A., & Sendi, J. J. (2010). Foraging efficiency of Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) parasitizing the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae), under laboratory conditions. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 13(2), 111-116.

Maisonneuve, J. C., Hugon, N., & Lolivier, F. (2003). Biological control with Chrysoperla lucasina against Aphis fabae on artichoke in Brittany (France). IOBC WPRS BULLETIN, 26(3), 149-154.

Matin, S. B., Sahragard, A., & Rasoolian, G. (2009). Some biological parameters of Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) a parasitoid of Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphidiidae) under labaratory conditions. Munis Entomology and Zoology, 4, 193-200.

McKinlay R.G. (1992). Vegetable Crop Pests. London: Macmillan Press, 406 pp.

Meradsi, F., & Laamari, M. (2016). Aphicidal and behavioral effects of Vicia faba L.(Fabales: Fabaceae) leaf extracts against Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hom., Aphididae). Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 12(4).

Mkenda, P. A., Ndakidemi, P. A., Stevenson, P. C., Arnold, S. E., Belmain, S. R., Chidege, M., Gurr, G.M. & Woolley, V. C. (2019). Characterization of Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Aphis fabae in An African Smallholder Bean Farming System Through Sequencing of COI ‘Mini-barcodes’. Insects, 10(10), 331.

Mohammed, A. A. (2018). Lecanicillium muscarium and Adalia bipunctata combination for the control of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae. BioControl, 63(2), 277-287.

Mohmed, A. S. (2019). Evaluation of the crude phenolic and terpenoid extracts of Carissa macrocarpa against Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in-vitro. Journal of Biopesticides, 12(1), 72-75.

Muimba-Kankolongo, A. (2018). Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa: Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement. Academic Press.

Mwanauta, R. W., Mtei, K. M., & Ndakidemi, P. A. (2015). Potential of controlling common bean insect pests (bean stem maggot (Ophiomyia phaseoli), Ootheca (Ootheca bennigseni) and Aphids (Aphis fabae)) using agronomic, biological and botanical practices in field. Agricultural Sciences, 6(05), 489.

Nordey, T., Boni, S. B., Agbodzavu, M. K., Mwashimaha, R., Mlowe, N., Ramasamy, S., & Deletre, E. (2021). Comparison of biological methods to control Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on kalanchoe crops in East Africa. Crop Protection, 142, 105520.

Ogenga-Latigo, M. W., Baliddawa, C. W., & Ampofo, J. K. O. (1992). Influence of maize row spacing on infestation and damage of intercropped beans by the bean aphid (Aphis fabae Scop.). II. Reduction in bean yields. Field Crops Research, 30(1-2), 123-130.

Omran, I. M. (2010). Effect alcohol extratcs of some plants in preference insect Aphis fabae scopoli. Basrah journal of science, 28(1B arabic).

Plant Health Australia Ltd (2015). Generic contingency plan – Exotic sap-sucking pests of grain (Version 1, May 2015). Plant Health Australia, Canberra, ACT.

Powell, G. & Hardie, J. (2003). Xylem ingestion by winged aphids. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 104, 103-108.

Prelipcean, C. A. R. M. E. N., Mustata, G., & Prelipcean, A. N. D. R. E. I. (2004). Natural control realized by parasitoid insects inside the Aphis fabae Scop. colonies. Analele stiintifice ale Universitatii “Al Jan. Cuza” Iasi, s. Biologie animale, 50, 60-65.

Purhematy A., Ahmadi K., Moshrefi M. 2013. Toxicity of thiacloprid and fenvalerate on the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, and biosafety against its parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum. Journal of Biopesticides, 6 (2): 207.

Rakhshani, E., Barahoei, H., Ahmad, Z., Starý, P., Ghafouri-Moghaddam, M., Mehrparvar, M., Kavallieratos, N.G., Ckrkic, J. & Tomanović, Ž. (2019). Review of Aphidiinae parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of the Middle East and North Africa: key to species and host associations. European Journal of Taxonomy, (552).

Rashedi, A., Rajabpour, A., Rasekh, A., & Zandi-Sohani, N. (2019). Interactions between host plant, Aphis fabae, and its natural enemies, Orius albidipennis and Lysiphlebus fabarum in a tritrophic system. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 22(3), 847-852.

Rodrigues, S. M., & Bueno, V. H. (2001). Parasitism rates of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson)(Hym.: Aphidiidae) on Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) and Aphis gossypii Glover (Hem.: Aphididae). Neotropical Entomology, 30(4), 625-629.

Sani, I., Ismail, S. I., Abdullah, S., Jalinas, J., Jamian, S., & Saad, N. (2020). A review of the biology and control of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), with special reference to biological control using entomopathogenic fungi. Insects, 11(9), 619.

Saruhan, I., Erper, I., Tuncer, C., Uçak, H., Öksel, C., & Akça, I. (2014). Evaluation of some commercial products of entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents for Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 24(1), 225.

Saruhan, I., Erper, I., Tuncer, C., & Akca, I. (2015a). Efficiency of some entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agents against Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Pak. J. Agri. Sci, 52(2), 273-278.

Saruhan, I., Senyer, N., Ayvaz, T., Kayhan, G., Ergun, E., Odabas, M. S., & Akca, İ. (2015b). The estimation of adult and nymph stages of Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) using artificial neural network. Entomological news, 125(1), 12-19.

Satar, G., Karacaoğlu, M., Uygun, N., & Satar, S. (2019). Some Demographic Parameters of Lysiphlebus confusus, L. fabarum, and L. testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae). Journal of economic entomology, 112(3), 1105-1111.

Schneider, F. (1969). Bionomics and physiology of aphidophagous Syrphidae. Annual review of Entomology, 14(1), 103-124.Talebi-Chaichi, P. (1982). The ecology of Aphis fabae Scop. on its wild hosts (Doctoral dissertation, University of London).

Shannag, H. K. (2007). Effect of black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, on transpiration, stomatal conductance and crude protein content of faba bean. Annals of applied biology, 151(2), 183-188.

Shannag, H. K., & Obeidat, W. (2008). Interaction between plant resistance and predation of Aphis fabae (Homoptera: Aphididae) by Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Annals of Applied Biology, 152(3), 331-337.

Singh, R., & Singh, G. (2015). Systematics, distribution and host range of Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh)(Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae). International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 3(1), 1-36.

Starý, P., Rakhshani, E., Tomanovic, Z., Kavallieratos, N. G., Petrovic, A., Zikic, V., & Havelka, J. (2014). Aphid-parasitoid associations on the Impatiens plants in Central Europe (Hemiptera, Aphididae; Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae). Journal of the Entomological Research Society, 16(3), 33.

Tahriri, S., Talebi, A. A., Fathipour, Y., & Zamani, A. A. (2007). Host stage preference, functional response and mutual interference of Aphidius matricariae (Hym.: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) on Aphis fabae (Hom.: Aphididae). Entomological Science, 10(4), 323-331.

Tarusikirwa, V. L., Machekano, H., Mutamiswa, R., Chidawanyika, F., & Nyamukondiwa, C. (2020). Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on the “Offensive” in Africa: Prospects for Integrated Management Initiatives. Insects, 11(11), 764.

Toft, S. (1995). Value of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi as food for cereal spiders. Journal of Applied Ecology, 552-560.

Tosh, C. R., Walters, K. F. A., & Douglas, A. E. (2001). On the mechanistic basis of plant affiliation in the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) species complex. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 99(1), 121-125.

Traugott, M., & Symondson, W. O. C. (2008). Molecular analysis of predation on parasitized hosts. Bulletin of entomological research, 98(3), 223.

Tsitsipis, J. A., & Mittler, T. E. (1976). Development, growth, reproduction, and survival of apterous virginoparae of Aphis fabae at different temperatures. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 19(1), 1-10.

Van Emden, H. F., & Harrington, R. (Eds.). (2017). Aphids as crop pests. Cabi.

Verma, J. S., Sharma, K. C., Sood, A., & Sood, M. (2005). Biology and predatory potential of syrphid predators on Aphis fabae infesting Solanum nigrum L. Journal of Entomological Research, 29(1), 39-41.

Way, M. J. (1967). The nature and causes of annual fluctuations in numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. on field beans (Vicia faba). Annals of Applied Biology, 59(2), 175-188.

Way, M. J., & Banks, C. J. (1967). Intra‐specific mechanisms in relation to the natural regulation of numbers of Aphis fabae Scop. Annals of Applied Biology, 59(2), 189-205.

Way, M. J., & Banks, C. J. (1968). Population studies on the active stages of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on its winter host Euonymus europaeus L. Annals of Applied Biology, 62(2), 177-197.

Wilkinson, T. L., & Douglas, A. E. (2003). Phloem amino acids and the host plant range of the polyphagous aphid, Aphis fabae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 106(2), 103-113.

Wojciechowicz-Zytko, E. (2000). The effectiveness of aphidophagous syrphid larvae [Diptera, Syrphidae] in the control of Aphis fabae Scop.[Homoptera, Aphidodea] on broad bean. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 40(2).

Wojciechowicz-Żytko, E. (2006). The effect of broad bean plant density on the occurrence of Aphis fabae Scop. (Homoptera, Aphidodea) and predatory syrphids (Diptera, Syrphidae). Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, 64, 77-84.

Wojciechowicz-Żytko, E. (2009). Predatory syrphids (Diptera, Syrphidae) and ladybird beetles (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in the colonies of Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1963 (Hemiptera, Aphidoidea) on Philadelphus coronaries L. Aphids and Other Hemipterous Insects, 15, 169-183.

Wojciechowicz-Żytko, E. L. Ż. B. I. E. T. A., & Jankowska, B. E. A. T. A. (2011). Aphids and their predators occurring on some shrubs in the Botanic Garden of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. Aphids and other Hemipterous Insects, 17, 145-154.

Wojciechowicz-Zytko, E., & Wnuk, A. (2012). The occurrence of Syrphidae in Aphis fabae Scop.(Hemiptera) colonies on broad bean intercropped with Phacelia (Part II). Journal of Plant Protection Research, 52(2).

Zhang, H., Huang, X., Jiang, L., Qiao, G., & Zheng, Z. (2010). Subspecies differentiation of Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera, Aphididae) based on morphological and molecular data. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica/Dongwu Fenlei Xuebao, 35(3), 537-545.

Žikić, V., Tomanović, Ž., Ivanović, A., Kavallieratos, N. G., Starý, P., Stanisavljević, L. Ž., & Rakhshani, E. (2009). Morphological characterization of Ephedrus persicae biotypes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) in the Palaearctic. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 102(1), 1-11.