Improving Quality of Arabic Dates by low Doses of Irradiation

Farag Serag

doi:10.56027/JOASD.022021

Auteurs

Farag Serag

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.56027/JOASD.022021

Mots-clés :

Gamma irradiation, Arabic dates, Chemical analysis, ESR

Résumé

This work aim to select the optimum dose of γ-rays for keeping quality of semi dry dates(SDD) through studying physical, chemical ,microbiological characters besides disinfestations of dates. Three Arabic SDD varieties as Siwi (Egypt), Sukkary (Saudi Arabia) and Zahidi (Iraq) at ‘Tamar’ stage were irradiated with γ-rays (0.0,1.0, 3.0 5.0 kGy).The storage of packaged treated samples was extended eight months at room temperature (20 ~25 C°, 70~75%RH). The free radicals was monitored by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), survey insects and microbes. Besides, tracking the changes of bioactive content (amino acid- AA, sugars and Soluble Solid Contents -SSC). Results revealed that ESR-signals of edible parts were completely disappeared after one month whereas it’s present in kernels. Also, irradiation eliminated completely all stages of insects and reduced the microbial load either fungi or bacteria. HPLC- analysis of AA showed presence of seventeen one (µg/g dry weight), in all tested samples, the difference occurred due to variety and irradiation dose. Sugars were accumulated at end of storage (8 months), whereas negligible changes were recorded in total, reducing or non-reducing sugars but were significantly between varieties. Same trends were noticed in SSC. At the end, the preferability of using low dose of γ–irradiation are suitable on large scale, safe alternative for using pesticides and sufficient for keeping quality of tested Arabic semi dry dates without high losses in nutritive values.

Références

AL-Farsi, M. A. & Lee, Y. (2008). Nutritional and Functional Properties of Dates: Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48, 877–887.

A.O.AC., (1990). Official Methods of Analysis of Association of Analytical Chemists. Inc., Arlington West. Virginia, U.S.A.

Ahmed, M. S. H, Z. S. K. Al-Hakkak, S., Al-Maliky, A., Kadhum, A., & Lamooza, S. B. (1981). Irradiation Disinfestations of Dry Dates and Possibility of Using Combination Treatments. "Combination Processes in Food Irradiation, Proceeding of an International Symposium Jointly, IAEA and FAO. Colombo, Srilanka, IAEA, Vienna, 217.

Auda, H., Khalaf, Z & Mirjan, J. (1977). Effect of gamma irradiation on the sugar and protein composition of Iraqi dates. International Atomic Energy Agency Report, SM 221/29 a., 459-464.

Auda, H., Al-Wandawi, H. & Al-Adhami L. (1976). Protein and amino acid composition of three varieties of Iraqi dates at different stages of development. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 24, 365–367.

Baxter, J. I. (1996). Amino acids. In: Handbook of Food Anslysis, Leo, M. L. Nollet (Edited). Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, 1, 197-228.

Bouaziz, M. A., Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Wathelet, B., Deroann, C. & Attia, H. (2008). Protein and amino acid profiles of Tunisian Deglet Nour and Allig. Fruits, 63, 37–43.

Dubios, M., Hamilton, K. A., Relers, R. & Smith F. (1956). Colorometric methods for determination of sugar and related substantces. Analytical Chemistry, 28 (3):250-256.

El-Sayed, S.A. & Baeshin, A. (1983). Feasibility of Disinfestation of Date Fruits Produced in Saudi Arabia by gamma Irradiation. In: Proc. First Symp. On the Date Palmin Saudi Arabia. King Faisal University, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, p. 342.

EL-Sideek, L., Farag S., & Alkhalifah, D. (2014). Comparing effects of gamma irradiation on Microbiological analysis, Aflatoxin, Antioxidants of some Egyptian and Saudi Arabian date palm varieties (Phoenix dactilifera L.). International Journal of Academic Research Part A, 6(1), 184-191.

El-Sohaimy S & Hafez E. (2010). Biochemical and nutritional characterizations of date Palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6 (8), 1060-1067.

Emam O., Farag. S. & Hammad, A. (1994). Comparative studies between fumigation and irradiation of semi-dry of date fruits. Die Nahrung, 38, 6, 610-618.

EN Protocol EN 1787 (2000). Determination of Irradiated Food Containing Cellulose: Analysis by EPR, European Committee for Standartization, Brussels.

FAO. Statistical databases. http://faostat.fao.org (2012).

Farag, S A. & Shams, N.E. (2010). New approach for detection of irradiated spices using electron spin resonance (ESR). Isotope and Radiation Research, 42(2), 487-500.

Farag S. A., Elsawy, K., Hammoud, G. & Elgammal, M. (2012). Biochemical changes of selected vitamins, trace elements and genotoxicity of irradiated dates during storage. Isotope and Radiation Research, 44(2), 267-278.

Farag, S. A., Mahmoud, K. and B. Gado (2013). Detection of irradiated apricot fruits during storage Isotope and Radiation Research, 45, 1, 147-157.

Farag S. E., Shaltoot, A., Emam, M., El Nawawey M. & Ezz, A. (2013). Physicochemical-Microbiological Studies on Irradiated Date Fruits with Studying Migration Monomers of Packages Materials. Journal of Microbial & Biochemical Technology, 5 (1), 6-12.

Gado, B. A. (2008). Factors affecting the processing and safety insurance of dates. Ph.D, Thesis, Faculty Of Agric., El-Minia Univ., Egypt.

GSO 656. (2011). Pre-packaged whole dates. Standardization Organization for GCC with Studying Migration Monomers of Packages Materials.

Hussein, F., Moustafa, S. & EL-Zeid, A. (1976). Preliminary investigation on composition changes during fruit growth and ripening of Barhi and Sukkari dates grown in Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture, 3(1), 45-53.

Ichinoe Zirnstein G.W. & Rehberger, T.G. (1983). Bacterial evolution. Microbiol. Rev. in central Montana. International Symposium on Biological Control, 51, 221-271.

Mladenova, R. B., Firzov, C. & Yordanov, N. D. (2010). EPR study of free radicals in non- and gamma-irradiated nutritive supplements containing anthocyanins concentrate from lyophilized red wine. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 79, 990–993.

Nassef, A. E & AL-Jobair M. O. (2004). Effect of gamma radiation on biochemical characters and insects infestation for some kinds of date during its storage. Menofiya Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(29), 151-168.

Nine S. P., Vakil, U.K. & Sreenivasan, A. (1975). Effect of gamma-irradiation on red gram (Cajanus cajan) protein. Journal of Food Science, 40(4), 815-819.

Oxoid, 1982. The Oxoid Manual for Culture Media. Ingredients and Other Laboratory Services, Fifth ed. Oxoid Limited, Hampshire, UK.

Ragab, W. S. M, Ramadan, B. R. & Abdel-Sater, M. A. (2001). Mycoflora and Aflatoxins Associated with Saidy Dates as Affected by Technological processes. The Second International Conference on Date Palms Al-Ain, UAE, March pp. 25-27.

SAS (1990). User’s guide: statistics, version 6. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina.

Shenasi, M., Aidoo, K. E. & Candlish, A. A. (2002) Microflora of date fruits and production of aflatoxins at various stages of maturation. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 79 (1-2), 113-119.

Steel, R.G. & Torri, J. H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics. Mc Graw-Hill. Book Co. Inc., New York. USA.

Nielson, S.S. 1998. Food analysis, Second edition, An Aspen Publication, Aspen Publishers, Inc., Gaithersburg, Mary Lan p:34.

Urbain, W.M. (1986). Food Irradiation. Academic Press, New York.

WHO, World Health Organization (1994). Safety and Nutritional Adequacy of Irradiated Food. WHO, Geneva., Switzerland.

Yordanov, N. D. & Pachova, Z. (2006). Gamma-irradiated dry fruits an example of a wide variety of long-time dependent EPR spectra Spectrochimica Acta Part A, 63, 891–895.

Yordanov, N.D. & Aleksieva, K. (2009). Preparation and applicability of fresh fruit samples for the identification of radiation treatment by EPR. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 78, 213–216.